PAPIMI

In this interview with Dr. C. Andrew L. Bassett, a physician researching the use of pulsed electromagnetic fields for the past 30 years at Columbia University's Orthopedic Research Lab, Dr. Bassett notes that approximately 10,000 of the 12,000-plus orthopedic surgeons in the U.S. have used pulsed electromagnetic fields on at least one patient.

Many such surgeons have incorporated the therapy on a more regular basis. He estimates that a total of at least 65,000 patients nationwide have received the treatment, with a probable success rate of between 80 and 90 percent.

Use of the treatment has been primarily in patients suffering from nonunited fractures, fusion failures, and pseudoarthrosis.

This review article notes that the use of pulsed electromagnetic fields began in 1974, and that 250,000 nonunion patients have received the treatment since. The author argues that success rates are comparable to those of bone grafting, and that PEMF treatment is more cost-effective and free of side effects. The FDA approved PEMF use in 1982, although it remains widely unused due to physician misunderstanding and lack of knowledge concerning the treatment.

A. Bassett, ;Therapeutic Uses of Electric and Magnetic Fields in Orthopedics,; in D.O. Carpenter ; S. Ayrapetyan, (eds.),

Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields. Volume II: beneficial and Harmful Effects, San Diego: Academic Press, 1994, . 13-48.

This review article makes the following observations with respect to the use of pulsed electromagnetic fields in treating ununited fractures, failed arthrodeses, and congenital pseudarthroses. The treatment has been shown to be more than 90 percent effective in adult patients.

In cases where union does not occur with PEMFs alone after approximately four months, PEMF treatment coupled with fresh bone grafts ensures a maximum failure rate of only 1 to 1.5 percent. For those with delayed union three to four months following fracture, PEMFs appear to be more successful than in patients treated with other conservative methods. For more serious conditions, including infected nonunions, multiple surgical failures, long-standing atrophic lesions, failed knee arthrodeses after removal of infected prostheses, and congenital pseudarthroses, PEMF treatment has exhibited success in most patients.

C.A. Bassett, "The Development and Application of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) for Ununited Fractures and Arthrodeses,"

Chronic Venous Insufficiency

This review article notes that magnetotherapy in a variety of forms has been successfully used in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency and is a commonly used physical therapy for the condition.

A.P. Dovganiuk, "Balneologic and Physical Therapy of Chronic Venous Insufficiency of Extremities,"

This review article looks at the history of pulsed electromagnetic fields as a means of bone repair.

The author argues that success rates have been either superior or equivalent to those of surgery, with PEMF free of side effects and risk.

C.A.L. Bassett,; Historical Overview of PEM-Assisted Bone and Tissue Healing, t;

This review article examined the literature concerning the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression. Results showed the high-frequency, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment to be an effective, side-effect free therapy for depression that may hold promise for treating related psychiatric disorders as well.

M.T. Kirkcaldie, et al., Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as Therapy for Depression and Other Disorders,

This review article notes that transcranial magnetic stimulation has been shown to elicit antidepressant effects, electically stimulating deep regions of the brain.

C. Haag, et al., "Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. A Diagnostic Means from Neurology as Therapy in Psychiatry?

This review article notes that placebo-controlled studies have shown positive results concerning the use of pulsed magnetic field therapy in the treatment of secondary chronic pyelonephritis.

This review article examined the data concerning impulsed magnetic fields in the treatment of lupus erythematosus. Studies indicate that the treatment can be beneficial due to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, its positive action on microcirculation, and immunological reactivity.

I.V. Khamaganova, et al., "The Use of a Pulsed Magnetic Field in the Treatment of Lupus Erythematosus," Ter Arkh, 67(10),1995, p. 84-87.

Noting that pulsed electromagnetic fields have been used in bone healing for more than 20 years, this review article cites recent results from both animal and human studies pointing to the efficacy of PEMF in the treatment of soft-tissue injuries as well.

B.F. Sisken J. Walker, Therapeutic Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields for Soft-Tissue Healing, in M. Blank, (ed.),

Electromagnetic Fields: Biological Interactions and Mechanisms, Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society,1995, p. 277-285.

In this general review article on the treatment of patients with psoriatic arthritis with magnetic fields, the authors state that an alternating low-frequency magnetic field (30-40 mT) improves the clinical state of afflicted joints. Such treatments are normally carried out for 30 minutes per day over a period of 15 to 20 days.

V.D. Grigor'eva, et al., "Therapeutic Use of Physical Factors in Complex Therapy of Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis,"

This review article discusses the theoretical and clinical applications of magnetic field therapy in the treatment of trophic ulcers of the lower limbs.

A. Sieron, Use of Magnetic Field in Treatment of Trophic Leg Ulcers, Pol Tyg Lek, 46(37-39),September 1991, p. 717-719.

Int J Neurosci Nov;83(1-2):69-79. NeuroCommunication Research Laboratories, Danbury, CT 06811, USA.

The occurrence of cognitive deficits in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) has been known since 1877 when Charcot noted "enfeeblement of memory" in his patients. Cognitive deficits have been reported in almost 50% of patients with a relapsing-remitting course and in a significantly higher % of patients with a chronic progressive course leading to intellectual disability which is often severe enough to preclude employment. MS is considered a form of subcortical dementia and the occurrence of classical cortical disorders such as aphasia, agnosia and apraxia is reported to be rare in the disease.

However, in my experience alexia, a reading impairment unrelated to visual acuity or visual field defects, is common in patients with MS. Recently, I reported that treatment with picotesla range EMFs is an efficacious modality in the management of both the motor and cognitive symptoms of MS. 3 patients with MS who developed alexia as a manifestation of the disease are presented. In all patients the alexia was reversed several months after they began treatment with EMFs. Since alexia usually reflects a disconnection syndrome whereby lesions involving the left visual cortex and the splenium of the corpus callosum disconnect language association areas from visual association areas, it is suggested that reversal of the alexia in these patients by EMFs was related to improved interhemispheric transcallosal transmission of visual information. Also, changes in the metabolism of monoamines, which are involved in visual information processing and reading comprehension, may have been important in causing reversal of the alexia.

This report further supports the unique efficacy of this treatment modality in reversing specific cognitive deficits in MS.

Jacobson JI (1994) Pineal-hypothalamic tract mediation of picotesla magnetic fields in the treatment of neurological disorders. Panminerva Med Dec;36(4):201-205. Institute of Theoretical Physics and Advanced Studies for Biophysical Research, Jupiter, FL 334377-1418, USA.

The objective of this study is analysis of the clinical efficacy of picotesla magnetic fields in the treatment of epilepsy, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis. The method utilized involved the exogenous application of physiologic, very weak magnetic fields to the brain by Sandyk, Anninos, Derpapas and Tsagas. The magnetic device produced a magnetic field ranging from about 5 x 10(-8) to about 2.5 x 10(-7) Gauss (G) at frequencies of 2-7 Hz. The wave form was sinusoidal and the device was positioned about the posterior portion of the corpus callosum most specifically to influence the pineal gland. Direct correlation of melatonin production with magnetic field stimulation was found. In most cases, the neurological conditions showed amelioration or palliation over an extended period of time. It seemed that resonance was established between the magnetic field and melatonin which could be explained with Jacobson Resonance. These studies begin to point to the explanation of the mechanism of interaction between non-ionizing EM radiation and biological systems. Also, evaluation of the pineal gland as an magneto-sensitive gland may help us understand fundamental conditions in magneto-receptors of biological systems in terms of their piezoelectric nature. Publication Types: Review Review, tutorial PMID: 7603740, UI: 95327372

Badea MA, Vasilco R, Sandru D, Paslaru L, Jieanu V, Comorosan S (1993) The effect of pulsed EMF (Diapulse) on cellular systems.

Rom J Physiol Jan;30(1-2):65-71. Interdisciplinary Research Group, Fundeni Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.

This was a study of the effect of a 27.12 MHz PEMF (Diapulse) on microbial growth.

A strain of K 12 E. coli grown in complete Pennassay medium was subjected to Diapulse action for 30 m, at 8 h and 12 h of growth.

In this experiment, designed to be close to the physiological conditions of open wounds, the PEMF action promoted no increase of cell population, indicating the safety of this type of therapy for wound healing process.

The same K 12 E. coli strain grown in Pennassay medium for 2 h was inoculated into a minimal growth medium and the lagless exponential growth thus obtained was followed spectrophotometrically. Diapulse PEMF was applied to this lagless phase of cellular cultures at 30, 60, and 90 m after inoculation. A slight increase in the number of cells occurred at 2 and 4 h after the Diapulse application, when the cultures were previously subjected to Diapulse action between the period of 60 and 90 m of their growth.

A possible molecular mechanism for these PEMF effects is discussed. PMID: 7982019, UI: 95072991

Barker AT (1991) An introduction to the basic principles of magnetic nerve stimulation.

J Clin Neurophysiol Jan;8(1):26-37. Dept of Med Physics and Clinical Engineering, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK.

Magnetic nerve stimulation is a new method for the noninvasive stimulation of neuromuscular tissue.

The technique, developed at the Univ of Sheffield, UK, is being increasingly used for both clinical studies and basic research, with some 500 stimulators presently in use worldwide. This paper looks at the development of magnetic stimulation as a clinical tool. The basic physics principles of the technique are outlined, and the different magnetic field waveforms, coil geometrics, and orientations that can be used are discussed. The depth of penetration of magnetic stimulation is compared to that of conventional electrical stimulation using surface electrodes. The former generated lower electric fields at the surface of the body, resulting in greater penetration and the ability to stimulate deep nerves without pain. Magnetic stimulation has many other advantages over electrical stimulation, including being able to stimulate the human brain without discomfort due to the magnetic fields passing through the skull without attenuation. These advantages, along with the limitations of the technique, are discussed.

Finally, data relating to the safety of brain stimulation are summarised in terms of the EM parameters used.

The present generation of magnetic stimulators cause no acute hazards, provided their electrical and mechanical design meets the relevant electromedical safety standards.

Publication Types: Review Review, tutorial PMID: 2019648, UI: 91210409

Geddes LA (1991) History of magnetic stimulation of the nervous system. J Clin Neurophysiol Jan;8(1):3-9. William A. Hillenbrand Biomedical Engineering Ctr, Purdue Univ, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.

The use of a time-varying magnetic field to induce a sufficiently strong current to stimulate living tissue was first reported by d'Arsonval in 1896. Since then, there have been many studies in what is now called magnetic stimulation. This paper traces the history of this field from d'Arsonval to its present use in neurophysiology. Publication Types: Historical article PMID: 2019649, UI: 91210410

Maccabee PJ, Amassian VE, Cracco RQ, Cracco JB, Eberle L, Rudell A (1991) Stimulation of the human nervous system using the magnetic coil.

J Clin Neurophysiol Jan;8(1):38-55. Dept of Neurology, State Univ of New York, Brooklyn 11203.

The magnetic coil (MC) is a unique probe that can be used to elucidate basic neurophysiological mechanisms in humans. Either by excitation or inhibition of responding neural elements, we have been able to investigate:

1. the distribution of the electric field induced within isotropic and anisotropic volume conductors by round and figure-8 MCs;

2. the theoretical relationship between electric field distribution and excitation of distal peripheral nerve, nerve root, cranial nerve, and motor cortex;

4. perturbation of sequential digit movements by MC stimulation of human premotor cortex;

6. elicitation of a sense of movement in an ischemic paralyzed limb by focal MC cortical stimulation; and

7. the effect of stimulation of the human visual system to (a) suppress and unmask visual perception using single MC stimuli and (b) prolong visual suppression using short trains of MC stimuli.

In the future, prolongation of MC action by using repetitive stimuli should be useful in further investigating functions concerned with language, speech, and cognition.

[Various humoral factors regulating blood pressure in patients with hypertension during treatment by an impulse magnetic field –

Renin activity, aldosterone, prostaglandin (PGF2 alpha and PGB) and cyclic nucleotide levels and catecholamine excretion were measured in 165 essentially hypertensive patients exposed to therapeutic effects of "running" impulse magnetic field (RIMF). The correction of arterial blood pressure in RIMF-treated patients was mediated by BP-controlling humoral factors, the magnitude and direction of changes in levels and activity of biologically-active substances and hormones being determined by their respective baselines.

A decrease of hyperfunction, as reflected in elevated hormonal production, and an increase of hypofunction were the most common therapeutic effect of RIMF exposure.

Noting the well-established dangers associated with electroconvulsive therapy, the author, in this theoretical article, argues that transcranial magnetic stimulation should be looked at as an alternative psychiatric treatment. The author asserts that TMS has several advantages over ECT in that it is painless, noninvasive, and more effective on deep structures of the brain.

T. Zyss, Deep Magnetic Brain Stimulation - The End of Psychiatric Electroshock Therapy?

In this theoretical paper, the author argues that deep, low-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation can produce therapeutic effects equivalent to those of electroconvulsive therapy but without the dangerous side effects.

T. Zyss, "Will Electroconvulsive Therapy Induce Seizures: Magnetic Brain Stimulation as Hypothesis of a New Psychiatric Therapy," Psychiatr Pol, 26(6),November-December 1992, . 531-541.

Gordon RT, Gordon D (1981) Selective resolution of plaques and treatment of atherosclerosis by biophysical alteration of "cellular" and "intracellular" properties. Med Hypotheses Feb;7(2):217-229.

This is a totally new approach to effective treatment of atherosclerosis by alteration of biophysical properties both "intracellularly" and "extracellularly." Early results show that by allowing the atherosclerotic lesions to take up the magnetically excitable submicron particles and then applying an external alternating EMF, the atherosclerotic lesions may be selectively resolved without damaging normal blood vessels. This concept suggests many areas of research since there are many ways to alter atherosclerotic plaques biophysically, and many substances may be used to enhance the process. This new technology and this initial experimentation introduces a "new era" in the effective treatment of Atherosclerosis. PMID: 7219246, UI: 81172377

Jacobson JI, Yamanashi WS (1994) A possible, physical mechanism in the treatment of neurologic disorders with externally applied pico Tesla magnetic fields. Physiol Chem Phys Med NMR 26(4):287-297.

Institute of Theoretical Physics and Advanced Studies for Biological Research, Jupiter, FL 33477.

The clinical studies describing the treatment of some neurological disorders with an externally applied picoTesla (10(-12) Tesla, or 10(-8) Gauss) magnetic field are considered from a physical view point. An equation relating the intrinsic (or "rest") energy of a charted particle of mass m with its energy of interaction in an externally applied magnetic field B is presented. The equation is proposed to represent an initial basic physical interaction as a part of a more complex biological mechanism to explain the therapeutic effects of externally applied magnetic fields in these and other neurologic disorders.

Alzheimer's Disease

On review, after applying external electromagnetic fields ranging 5 to 8 Hz, large improvements were detected in Alzheimer's patients. These included improved visual memory, drawing performance, spatial orientation, mood, short-term memory and social interactions.

As generally supported, a persons biological daily clock may causally be related to memory deterioration in Alzheimer's patients and in the ageing. Synchronizing of the circadian rhythms using magnetic fields, (this article suggests) could lead to improved memory for those effected.

R. Sandyk, et al., "Age-related Disruption of Circadian Rhythms: Possible Relationship to Memory Impairment and Implications for Therapy with Magnetic Fields," International Journal of Neurosci, 59(4),August 1991, p. 259-262.

A study of three patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis were treated with a pulsed magnetic field, given three times a week for approximately 75 sessions to achieve maximum benefits, all three experienced beneficial effects.

A. Bellosi & R. Berget, "Pulsed Magnetic Fields: A Glimmer of Hope for Patients Suffering from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis,"

Ankle Sprain

Results of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study indicated that treatment with two 30-minute sessions of noninvasive pulsed radio frequency therapy is effective in significantly decreasing the time required for edema reduction in patients suffering from lateral ankle sprains.

This study on 7 to 14 year old juveniles suffering from rheumatoid arthritis examined effects of low-frequency magnetic fields.

Ten daily treatment exposures of 10 to 12 minutes each was conducted on three experimental groups. The three groups showed 58, 76, 37 percent beneficial effects from the treatment.

E.A. Shlyapok, et al., "Use of Alternating Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields in Combination with Radon Baths for Treatment of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis," Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, 4,1992, p. 13-17.

Study results indicated that using a magnetic ointment containing reduced iron powder, with an alternating magnetic field had beneficial effects with patients suffering from chronic blepharitis.

V.A. Machekhin, et al., "A New Method for Treating Chronic Blepharitis Using Magnetic Compounds and an Alternating Magnetic Field," Vestn Oftalmol, 109(4), July-September 1993, p. 16-18.

This study examined the effects of low-frequency electromagnetic fields (1-1000 Hz) on middle-aged female patients suffering from fresh radius fractures. Results showed significant increases in scintimetric activity surrounding the fracture area after two weeks of EMF treatment relative to controls.

O. Wahlstrom, ;Electromagnetic Fields Used in the Treatment of Fresh Fractures of the Radius,t;

Bioelectrical Repair and Growth Society, Second Annual Meeting,20-22 September 1982, Oxford, UK, . 26.

In this study, 147 patients with fractures of the tibia, femur, and humerus who had failed to benefit from surgery received treatment with external skeletal fixation in situ and pulsed electromagnetic fields. Results indicated an overall success rate of 73 percent. Femur union was seen in 81 percent and tibia union in 75 percent.

M. Marcer, et al., "Results of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) in Ununited Fractures after External Skeletal Fixation,t;

This study examined the effects of extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields (1-1000 Hz, 4 gauss) on new bone fractures of female patients. Results led the authors to suggest that EMF treatment accelerates the early stages of fracture healing.

O. Wahlstrom, "Stimulation of Fracture Healing with Electromagnetic Fields of Extremely Low Frequency (EMF of ELF),

This double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields in femoral neck fracture patients undergoing conventional therapy. PEMF treatment was started within two weeks of fracture, and patients were instructed to make use of the electromagnetic device for 8 hours per day over a 90-day period.

Results showed beneficial effects relative to controls after 18 months of follow-up.

E. Betti, et al., ;Effect of Electromagnetic Field Stimulation on Fractures of the Femoral Neck. A Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Study,; Second World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine,8-13 June 1997, Bologna, Italy.

This study examined the preventive effects of low-frequency pulsing electromagnetic fields against delayed union in rat fibular osteotomies and diaphyseal tibia fractures in humans.

Results indicated such treatment modulated and accelerated fracture union in both groups.

This article discusses the cases of two children with bone malunion following lengthening of congenitally shortened lower legs.

F. Rajewski & W. Marciniak, "Use of Magnetotherapy for Treatment of Bone Malunion in Limb Lengthening. Preliminary Report," Chir Narzadow Ruchu Ortop Pol, 57(1-3),1992,. 247-249.

Results of this study showed that 13 of 15 cases of long-bone nonunion treated with pulsed electromagnetic fields in combination with Denham external fixator united within several months.

R.B. Simonis, et al., "The Treatment of Non-union Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Combined with a Denham External Fixator,

Results of this study found electromagnetic field stimulation to be an effective treatment for nonunion among a group of 37 French

Results of this study found treatment induced pulsing to be beneficial in patients suffering from nonunions unresponsive to surgery.

J.C. Mulier & F. Spaas, "Out-patient Treatment of Surgically Resistant Non-unions Induced Pulsing Current –

This 7-year study examined data on more than 11,000 cases of nonunions treated with pulsed electromagnetic fields for up to 10 to 12 hours per day. Results indicated an overall success rate of 75 percent.

A.A. Goldberg, ;Computer Analysis of Data on More than 11,000 Cases of Ununited Fracture Submitted for Treatment with Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields," Bioelectrical Repair and Growth Society, Second Annual Meeting,20-22 September 1982, Oxford, UK, . 61.

Delayed Unions / Acquired Pseudo-Arthrosis

Cadossi, R. et al., "Low Frequency Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields in the Treatment of Delayed Unions and Acquired Pseudo-Arthrosis", Abstract, 2nd Annual BRAGS, Oxford, U.K. Sep. 20-22, 1982.

Non-Unions / Pseudarthroses (Surgically-Resistant)

Bassett, C. A. L. et al.; "A Non-Operative Salvage of Surgically-Resistant Pseudarthroses and Non-Unions by Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields: A Preliminary Report"; Clin. Orthoped. and Rel. Research; No. 124; pp. 128 to 143, (May 1977).

Pseudoarthrosis

In this study, 92 congenital pseudoarthrosis patients received treatment with pulsing electromagnetic fields.

J.S. Kort, et al., Congenital Pseudoarthrosis of the Tibia: Treatment with Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields,

Results of this study found that 35 of 44 nonunited scaphoid fractures 6 months or older healed in a mean time of 4.3 months during pulsed electromagnetic field treatment using external coils and a thumb spica cast.

G.K. Frykman, et al., "Treatment of Nonunited Scaphoid Fractures Pulsed Electromagnetic Field and Cast,"

Delayed Union / Nonunion of the Tibia

"Treatment of Delayed Union and Nonunion of the Tibia Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields. A Retrospective Follow-up,"

Bronchitis

Results of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study indicated that both low-frequency electromagnetic field treatment and treatment with pulsed electromagnetic fields proved effective in patients suffering from chronic bronchitis when coupled with standard drug therapies. Magnetic field treatment consisted of a total of 15 15-20-minute daily exposures.

V.M. Iurlov, et al.,;The Efficacy of the Use of Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in Chronic Bronchitis,

Cancer (breast)

This study examined the effects of a rotational magnetic field on a group of 51 breast cancer patients.

N.G. Bakhmutskii, et al., ;The Assessment of the Efficacy of the Effect of a Rotational Magnetic Field on the Course of the Tumor Process in Patients with Generalized Breast Cancer,t;Sov Med, (7), 1991, . 25-27.

Results of this study indicated that exposure to a rotational magnetic field inhibited Walker's carcinoma tumor growth as much as 90 percent in some cases.

Results of this study indicated that pulsed magnetic field stimulation increased the incorporation of antitumor agents into cells, and thus increased antitumor activity shifting the cell cycle to a proliferative from a nonproliferative phase.

This study examined the effects of whole body magnetic fields (16.5-35 G, 50-165 Hz) on patients suffering from different forms of cancer. Treatment consisted of 15 cycles, each 1-20 minutes in duration, and was coupled with more traditional cancer therapies. Results showed that the magnetotherapy had overall beneficial effects, particularly with respect to improved immune status and postoperative recovery.

V.A. Lubennikov, et al., "First Experience in Using a Whole-Body Magnetic Field Exposure in Treating Cancer Patients,"

Results of this study found that 20-30 sessions of magnetotherapy administered preoperatively exhibited antitumor effects in patients suffering from lung cancer.

L.S. Ogorodnikova, et al., "Morphological Criteria of Lung Cancer Regression Under the Effect of Magnetotherapy,"

Results of this study proved that the combination of weak pulsed electromagnetic fields with antioxidant supplementation is beneficial in the treatment of patients suffering from tongue cancer, improving speech, pain control, and tolerance to chemotherapy.

U. Randoll & R.M. Pangan, "The Role of Complex Biophysical-Chemical Therapies for Cancer,"

Results of this Russian study indicated that the use of whole body eddy magnetic fields, coupled with more conventional cancer therapies (including magnetotherapy) is effective in the treatment of patients suffering from a variety of different malignancies.

This article reports on the case of a 48-year-old-woman with breast cancer who was treated successfully with magnetotherapy. Infiltration showed a marked decrease following 30 whole body exposures to an eddy magnetic field for 60 minutes. One metastatic node disappeared while the size of others was reduced following 60 such exposures. A total regression of tumor and metastases was seen following the completion of a course of 110 exposures.

N.G. Bakhmutskii, et al., "A Case of Successful Treatment of a Patient with Breast Cancer Using a Rotating Electromagnetic Field,"

Dental Problems

This controlled study examined the effects of adjunctive electromagnetic therapy on oral surgery recovery. Patients received the therapy once per day beginning between 3 to 5 days prior to oral surgery. Therapy was maintained until the point of hospital release. Results found the therapy produced significant healing relative to controls, who received conventional treatment only.

L.C. Rhodes, "The Adjunctive Utilization of Diapulse Therapy Pulsed High Peak Power Electromagnetic Energy) in Accelerating Tissue Healing in Oral Surgery," Q National Dental Association, 40(1),1981, . 4-11

This study found that patients suffering from various oral diseases experienced more rapid healing when treated with both conventional therapies and 30 minutes per day of pulsed electromagnetic fields (5 mT, 30 Hz), as opposed to conventional therapies alone.

V. Hillier-Kolarov & N. Pekaric-Nadj, "PEMF Therapy as an Additional Therapy for Oral diseases

Todorov N, Ignatova B, Stojanova O (1983) [Application of low-frequency impulse magnetic field and Phytodont in the treatment of patients with hemorrhagic periodontosis - Article in Bulgarian]. Stomatologiia (Sofiia) Nov;65(6):20-24. PMID: 6334380, UI: 85066632

Results of this study led researchers to conclude that patients suffering from major depression experienced a significant reduction of depressive symptoms following treatment with transcranial magnetic stimulation coupled with standard medication relative to patients taking the medicine. This was true after just three TMS treatments.

Sandyk R, Anninos PA, Tsagas N (1991) Magnetic fields and seasonality of affective illness: implications for therapy.

Int J Neurosci Jun;58(3-4):261-267. Dept of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Med/Montefiore Med Ctr, Bronx, NY 10461.

Seasonal affective disorder is characterized by recurrent winter depression associated with hypersomnia, overeating, and carbohydrate craving. The severe form of winter depression affects about 5% of the general population and is believed to be caused by light deficiency. About 70%-80% of patients with winter depression experience attenuation of symptoms when exposed to bright light therapy. Hypotheses pertaining to the pathogenesis of winter depression implicate the effects of light on different characteristics of circadian rhythms. In addition to light, the geomagnetic field is an environmental factor which may be implicated in the pathophysiology of winter depression. There is strong indication that the pineal gland is a magnetosensitive system and that changes in the ambient magnetic field alter melatonin secretion and synchronize the circadian rhythms. In man, shielding of the ambient magnetic field significantly desynchronizes circadian rhythms which could be gradually resynchronized after application of magnetic fields. The strength of the environmental magnetic field diminishes during the winter months, leading to increased susceptibility for desynchronization of circadian rhythms. Thus, since the acute application of magnetic fields in experimental animals resembles that of acute exposure to light with respect to melatonin secretion (it suppresses melatonin secretion), magnetic treatment might be beneficial for patients with winter depression. Also, since the environmental light and magnetic fields, which undergo diurnal and seasonal variations, influence the activity of the pineal gland, we propose that a synergistic effect of light and magnetic therapy in patients with winter depression would be more physiological and, therefore, superior to phototherapy alone.

Diabetes

This study involving 72 diabetics with purulent wounds found that magnetic fields aided healing significantly.\

R.A. Kuliev & R.F. Babaev, "A Magnetic Field in the Combined Treatment of Suppurative Wounds in Diabetes Mellitus,

Kirillov IB, Suchkova ZV, Lastushkin AV, Sigaev AA, Nekhaeva TI (1996)

[Magentotherapy in the comprehensive treatment of vascular complications of diabetes mellitus –

[Article in Russian]. Klin Med (Mosk) 74(5):39-41. 3

20 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients were exposed to impulsed magnetic field, 100 control DM patients received conservative therapy alone. 270 patients had microangiopathy, macroangiopathy was diagnosed in 50 patients. Magnetotherapy in combination with conservative methods gave good and satisfactory results in 74% of patients versus 28% in control group. Metabolism stabilization resulted in some patients in reduced blood sugar. Use of magnetic field produced faster and longer response than conservative therapy.

PMID: 8999182, UI: 97062022

Kuliev RA, Babaev RF, Akhmedova LM, Ragimova AI (1992) [Treatment of suppurative wounds in patients with diabetes mellitus by magnetic field and laser irradiation - Article in Russian]. Khirurgiia (Mosk) Jul;7-8:30-33.

The efficacy of including a magnetic field, low-intensity laser beam, and their combination in the complex of therapeutic measures was studied in 119 patients with suppurative wounds and diabetes mellitus. With the use of magnetic field or laser beam intoxication diminished, the organism's immunological status was stabilized within a shorter time, the wound process followed a quicker course, and treatment took less time. The magnetic-laser effect has advantages over separate use of these factors. PMID: 1469868, UI: 93108702

Vesovic-Potic V, Conic S (1993) [Use of pulsating high-frequency EMFs in patients with diabetic neuropathies and angiopathies –

Article in Serbo-Croatian (Cyrillic)]. Srp Arh Celok Lek Aug;121(8-12):124-126. Belgrade Institute of Rehabilitation.

High-frequency PEMF therapy was carried out in 22 patients with diabetic polyneuropathy and angiopathy of the lower extremities (18 M, 4 F, aged 48.2+6.3 yr; 10 insulin-dependent persons, and 12 on oral antidiabetic treatment). The aim of the study was to verify the effect of this therapy on symptoms, neurophysiological findings and peripheral circulation. The diagnose of diabetic polyneuropathy was based on the electromyographic examination of foot and calf muscles, measurement of motor nerve conduction velocity of peroneal and tibial nerve, and sensory nerve conduction velocity of sural nerve. Diagnosis of diabetic polyneuropathy was based on EMG examination of the foot and calf muscles, measurement of the motor nerve conduction velocity of peroneal and tibial nerves, and the sensory nerve conduction velocity of the sural nerve. Diabetic angiopathy was diagnosed by oscillometric examination, measurement of skin temperature and claudication distance. The same methods were used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of EMF. Therapy significantly improved the symptoms and all registered parameters of peripheral circulation, but neurophysiological parameters did not change significantly.

Therefore, high-frequency PEMF is recommended for the treatment of diabetic angiopathy.

It can be used as an initial therapy, or combined with physical agents which are commonly used in the treatment of patients with neuropathic changes in lesions of peripheral nerve. PMID: 7725151, UI: 95242150

Diseases of the Larynx

Results of this study found that alternative magnetic field of sound frequency proved to be an effective treatment in patients suffering from acute inflammatory diseases of the larynx.

D.I. Tarasov, et al., "Effectiveness of Local Magnetic Field of the Acoustic Frequency in the Treatment of Patients with Acute Inflammatory Diseases of the Larynx," Vestn Otorinolaringol, (6),November-December 1995, . 11-15.

Sandyk R, Anninos PA (1992) Attenuation of epilepsy with application of external magnetic fields: a case report.

Int J Neurosci Sep;66(1-2):75-85. Democrition Univ of Thrace, Dept of Med Physics, Alexandroupolis, Greece.

We found earlier that magnetoencephalographic (MEG) brain measurements in patients with seizure disorders show significant MEG activity often in the absence of conventional EEG abnormalities. We localized foci of seizure activity using the mapping technique characterized by the ISO-Spectral Amplitude (ISO-SA) on the scalp distribution of specified spectral components or frequency bands of the emitted MEG Fourier power spectrum. Also, using an electronic device, we utilized the above recorded activity to emit back the same intensity and frequency of magnetic field to the presumed epileptic foci. Using this method we were able, over the past 2.5 yr, successfully to attenuate seizure activity in a cohort of over 150 patients with various forms of epilepsy. We present a patient with severe epilepsy and behavioral disturbances in whom application of an external artificial magnetic field of low intensity produced a substantial attenuation of seizure frequency which coincided with an improvement in the patient's behavior.

Artificial magnetic treatment may be a valuable adjunctive procedure in the management of epilepsy. PMID: 1304572, UI: 93279926

Genitourinary disorders

Mel'nikova MM, Kunitsyna GA, Toroptsev ND (1983) [Use of a weak acoustic-frequency magnetic field in the complex treatment of diseases of the internal genital organs of women - Article in Russian].

Akush Ginekol (Mosk) Sep;9:55-57. Publication Types: Review PMID: 6359931, UI: 84077586

Varcaccio-Garofalo G, Carriero C, Loizzo MR, Amoruso S, Loizzi P (1995) Analgesic properties of EMF therapy in patients with chronic pelvic pain. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 22(4):350-354. Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology II Clinic, Univ of Bari, Italy.

In a prospective uncontrolled trial, 64 women with chronic refractory pelvic pain of at least 6 mo duration, resistant to standard therapies, had EMF therapy on both iliac regions by Thelf Systems apparatus. Therapy was twice/d for 2 h each for 20-40 d. Cases were reassessed after 3 mo. 39 cases (61%) had complete subsidence of pain; 15 patients (23%) had relief during treatment, then mild endopelvic tension at 3-mo; in 10 cases (16%) symptoms eased only during application hours, and were unchanged at follow-up. Treatment outcome was independent of pre-existent psychosocial variables. Magnetic therapy had a real analgesic effect on pelvic pain, and seemed to contribute to resolution of complex interactions between somatic nociceptive stimuli and psychosocial implications affecting pain perception in these patients. Publication Types: Clinical trial PMID: 8777794, UI: 96114165

Zaslavskii AOi, Markarov GS, Gelis IuS (1997) [Electromagnetic urological stimulator - Article in Russian].

The paper deals with an EM urological stimulator which generates a modulated low-frequency EMF of nonthermal intensity and its brief technical data. It presents a treatment regimen for urolithiasis and recommendations how to use the above therapeutic agent to stimulate urinary function in patients with urolithiasis in order to inoperatively eliminate urinary calculi and sand which form after extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy. PMID: 9312646, UI: 97397893

Jorgensen WA, Frome BM, Wallach C (1994) Electrochemical therapy of pelvic pain: effects of pulsed EMFs (PEMF) on tissue trauma. Eur J Surg Suppl 574:83-86. International Pain Research Institute, Los Angeles, California.

Unusually effective and long-lasting relief of pelvic pain of gynaecological origin has been obtained consistently by short exposures of affected areas to the application of a magnetic induction device producing short, sharp, magnetic-field pulses of a minimal amplitude to initiate the electrochemical phenomenon of electroporation within a 25 cm2 focal area. Treatments are short, fasting-acting, economical and in many instances have obviated surgery. This report describes typical cases such as dysmenorrhoea, endometriosis, ruptured ovarian cyst, acute lower urinary tract infection, post-operative haematoma, and persistent dyspareunia in which pulsed magnetic field treatment has not, in most cases, been supplemented by analgesic medication. Of 17 female patients presenting with a total of 20 episodes of pelvic pain, of which 11 episodes were acute, 7 chronic and 2 acute as well as chronic, 16 patients representing 18 episodes (90%) experienced marked, even dramatic relief, while 2 patients representing 2 episodes reported less than complete pain relief. Publication Types: Clinical trial PMID: 7531030, UI: 95143572

Hart disease (Atherosclerosis, Parasystolic Arrhythmia, Stroke)

Results of this study found that the addition of magnetotherapy to the treatment of patients suffering from ischemic heart disease and osteochondrosis led to clinical improvements.

M.A. Dudchenko, et al., "The Effect of Combined Treatment with the Use of Magnetotherapy on the Systemic Hemodynamics of Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Spinal Osteochondrosis,"Lik Sprava, (5), May 1992, . 40-43.

Bogdanov NN, Akhmedzhanov MIu, Buiavykh AG (1986) [Optimization of the effects of physical and health resort factors in ischemic heart disease and arterial hypertension - Article in Russian]. Ter Arkh 58(5):108-111.

Natural and instrumental physical methods were discussed in the therapy, prevention and rehabilitation of 280 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and 300 patients with arterial hypertension (AH). In the CHD and AH patients, short- and long-term follow-up results showed the efficacy of optimized use of a number of physical factors (precardial and segmental massage, low frequency magnetic field). It is appropriate to expand the concept "nonpharmacological" methods in the control of CHD and AH. PMID: 3488602, UI: 86290113

Orlov LL, Makoeva LD, Glezer MG, Titov SIu, Arzhanenko OM, Margarian AG, Musev VA, Memetov KA, Belinskaia TF (1992) [Evaluation of antianginal effects of running pulse magnetic field and drug therapy on the physical working capacity and hemodynamics in patients with stable angina pectoris - Article in Russian]. Kardiologiia Feb;32(2):23-26.

The effects of the running pulse magnetic field, antianginal drug therapy and their combinations on the physical capacity were compared in 60 patients with Functional Classes I-III stable angina pectoris.

Monotherapy with the running pulse magnetic field was found to produce an antianginal effect in patients with Functional Classes I-II angina pectoris, but the efficacy of drug therapy increased when antianginal drugs were used in combination with running pulse magnetic field in patients with severe angina. PMID: 1527930, UI: 92408123

Orlov LL, Makoeva LD, Glezer MG, Memetov KA, Belinskaia TF, Arzhanenko OM (1991)

[Effects of impulse magnet field and beta adrenergic blockaders on physical work capacity and hemodynamics of patients with neurocirculatory dystonia of the cardiac type - Article in Russian].

Results of this study involving 23 parasystolic children found that low-frequency magnetic field exposure improved humoral and cellular processes involved in the regulation of cardiac rhythm.

Results of this study demonstrated that treatment with sinusoidal modulated currents coupled with Tran-cerebral magnetic fields proved more effective than either therapy on its own in the treatment of stroke patients during the period of early rehabilitation.

F.E. Gorbunov, The Effect of Combined Transcerebral Magnetic and Electric Impulse Therapy on the Cerebral and Central Hemodynamic Status of Stroke Patients in the Early Rehabilitation Period,

Results of this study indicated that pulsating electromagnetic fields (12 Hz and 5 mT) were an effective prophylactic treatment for patients suffering from cervical and migraine headaches.

J. Giczi & A. Guseo, "Treatment of Headache Pulsating Electromagnetic Field a Preliminary Report,

This placebo-controlled, double-blind study examined the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (2-5 Hz and flux densities of 3-4 mT) on patients suffering from migraine headaches. PEMFs were administered to the head for 10-15 minutes per day over a period of 30 days. Results showed a mean improvement level of 66 percent in patients receiving the treatment, compared to just 23 percent among controls.

L. Lazar & A. Farago, "Experiences of Patients Suffering from Migraine-Type Headache Treated with Magnetotherapy,

Results of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study demonstrated that the administration of a pulsed magnetic field for less than one hour to headache patients produced significant beneficial effects, as shown subjective patient reports, as well as EEG activity.

This study examined the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (20 minutes per day for 15 days) in the treatment of patients suffering from chronic headaches. Results indicated the treatment to be most effective in patients suffering from tension headaches, with 88 percent of such patients reporting positive results. Beneficial results were also experienced patients suffering from migraines (60 percent), cervical migraines (68 percent), and psychogenic headaches (60 percent).

A. Prusinski, et al., "Pulsating Electromagnetic Field in the Therapy of Headache,

In this study, 90 headache patients were treated with pulsating electromagnetic fields via large coils to the body for 20 minutes per day for a total of 15 days. Results found the treatment to be either excellent or good for those patients suffering from migraine, tension, and/or cervical headaches. Patients experiencing post-traumatic or cluster headaches did not experience such benefits.

Grunner O (1985) [Cerebral use of a pulsating magnetic field in neuropsychiatry patients with long-term headache - Article in German]. EEG EMG Z Elektroenzephalogr Verwandte Geb Dec;16(4):227-230.

40 patients with headaches of various etiology were given pulsed magnetic field therapy (f=260 Hz; t=3 ms; induction B=1.9 mT; gradient=0.5 mT/cm). Each session lasted 0.5 h. Self-assessment statements and EEG changes were used to evaluate changes of headache intensity. EEG frequency analysis showed significant changes in % delta and alpha 1 activities (7.5-9.5/s) after use of the real treatment, as compared with sham treatment.

Improved self-assessment, and EEG were found in headaches associated with cerebral arteriosclerosis, sequels to cerebral concussion, depressive neurosis, or tension headache.

Pulsed magnetic field could be applied only where the EEG was physiological. PMID: 3935419, UI: 86081440

Mix E, Jenssen HL, Lehmitz R, Lakner K, Hitzschke B, Richter M, Heydenreich A (1990) [Effect of pulsating EMF therapy on cell volume and phagocytosis activity in multiple sclerosis and migraine - Article in German]. Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol (Leipz) Aug;42(8):457-466.

Neurologische Abteilung, Universitat Rostock. PEMF treatment was studied in 10 patients with multiple sclerosis and 10 patients with migraine. In both patients' groups a single treatment induced a significant rise of yeast particle uptake by blood granulocytes. The % of phagocytizing cells was increased in migraine patients only. In both groups 20 PEMF treatments caused a reduction of particle uptake, whereas the % of phagocytizing cells remained unchanged. In migraine patients the opsonic capacity of serum and the mean cell volume of erythrocytes, lymphocytes and granulocytes were initially reduced, but increased during the course of 20 PEMF treatments. The biphasic changes of cell volume and phagocytic activity are interpreted as a result of counter-regulation of the organism in response to the primary PEMF effect. PMID: 2247525, UI: 91062477

Results of this study showed that the use of magnetic fields was effective in treating patients suffering from viral hepatitis who had previously not benefited from conventional drug therapies.

I.A. Il'inskii, et al., "Experience with the Use of Glucocorticosteroids and Magnetic Fields in the Intensive Therapy of Severe Forms of Viral Hepatitis," Soviet Medicine, 9, 1978, p. 72-74.

This study examined the effects of magnetotherapy in children suffering from various forms of viral hepatitis.

Magnetotherapy consisted of alternating magnetic fields applied to the liver area daily over a total of 10-15 days.

V.V. Krasnov & A.I. Shilenok, "Magnetotherapy of Hepatitis A and B in Children," Pediatriia, 10,1991, p. 54-57.

This double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined the effects of magnetotherapy in patients following herniated disk surgery.

Results showed that 52 percent of patients receiving the treatment compared to 30 percent of controls reported being free of symptoms at the time of hospital release.

K. Perjes, et al., "Effect of Magnetotherapy on Recovery After Herniated Disk Surgery,"

Hungarian Symposium on Magnetotherapy, 2nd Symposium,May 16-17, 1987, Szekesfehervar, Hungary, p. 159-162.

Results of this placebo-controlled study demonstrated a 76-percent effectiveness rate for running impulse magnetic field therapy in a group of arterial hypertensive patients. Treatment consisted of two 25-minute exposures per day over a period of 10-20 total exposures, at frequencies of 10 or 100 Hz and magnetic field intensity of 3 or 10 mT.

L.L.Orlov, et al., " Indications for Using a New Magnetotherapeutic Method in Arterial Hypertension," Soviet Medicine, (8),1991, . 23-24.

This placebo-controlled study examined the effects of constant and of running magnetic fields in patients suffering from stage II hypertension. Results found that constant magnetic fields exhibited benefits in 68 percent of patients treated, and running magnetic fields were helpful in 78 percent. Only 30 percent of controls showed improvement. Constant magnetic field treatment consisted of constant magnets applied to the inner side of the wrist on each hand for 35-40 minutes daily over a period of 7-10 days. Running magnetic field treatment involved the use of the apparatus for 20 minutes per day for a total of 12-15 days.

S.G. Ivanov, et al., "Use of Magnetic Fields in the Treatment of Hypertensive Disease, " Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, (3), 1993, . 67-69.

This controlled study examined the effects of magnetotherapy in patients suffering from neurocirculatory hypotension (low blood pressure) or hypertension (high blood pressure). Treatment consisted of 0.5 mT, 300 Hz administered for 20 minutes per day over a course of 10 days. Patients suffering from hypotension did not benefit significantly from the magnetotherapy. Hypertension patients, however, showed a marked improvement with respect to symptoms including headache, chest pain, extremity numbness, abnormal systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and work capacity.

L.L. Orlov, et al., "Effect of a Running Pulse Magnetic Field on Some Humoral Indices and Physical Capacity in Patients with Neurocirculatory Hypo- and Hypertension," Biofizika, 41(4),1996, . 944-948.

Results of this study showed exposure to low-frequency alternating magnetic fields had beneficial effects in children with primary arterial hypertension, as seen in the attenuation of sympathetic and vagotonic symptoms.

Y.B. Kirillov, et al., "Magnetotherapy in Obliterating Vascular Diseases of the Lower Extremities,

This study demonstrated that traveling pulsed magnetic field and magnetic laser treatment produced beneficial effects in patients suffering from the initial stages of essential hypertension.

V.S. Zadionchenko, et al., "Prognostic Criteria of the Efficacy of Magnetic and Magnetic-laser Therapy in Patients with the Initial Stages of Hypertension," Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult, (1),January-February 1997, . 8-11.

[Hemodynamic and humoral mechanisms of the therapeutic effect of the "travelling" impulse magnetic field in hypertension - Article in Russian].

Miasnikov IG (1992) [Magnetotherapy of initial manifestations of cerebrovascular disorders in hypertension –

The paper is concerned with the data on 147 subjects who underwent magnetotherapy applied to the cervical area.

The main group included 102 subjects, 45 person served as control. The purpose of the work was to base the application of MT under inpatient and home conditions with the use of the above-indicated unit. In view of this fact, a study was made of cerebral hemo- and thermodynamics with the aid of rheoencephalography and encephaloradiothermography under the action of different modes of the functioning of the unit (pulse and variable magnet induction fields 12-15 mTl and 30-35 mTl). A method of measuring magnetosensitivity of patients depending on the temperature reaction of the brain to a single MT session was elaborated.

The greatest clinical effect was attained with the use of pulse magnetic field 15 mTl.

Magnetotherapy gave good results under inpatient and home conditions. The magnetosensitive patients had the highest effect.

Hip Problems

This double-blind study examined the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on loosened hip prostheses. Results showed an increase of bone density in all patients receiving PEMF treatment compared to only 60 percent of controls. The authors argue such findings suggest PEMF elicits early bone reconstruction, which enhances early weight bearing.

G. Gualtieri, et al., "The Effect Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Stimulation on Patients Treated of Hip Revesions with Trans-Femoral Approach," Second World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine, 8-13 June 1997, Bologna, Italy.

This study examined the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (50 Hz, 50 G) in treating aseptic loosening of total hip prostheses.

PEMF therapy consisted of 20 minutes per day for 6 days per week over a total of 20 such sessions and was begun, on average, a year and a half following the start of loosening. Results showed PEMF to have some beneficial effects with respect to loosened hip arthroplasties, although it was not effective in patients suffering severe pain due to extreme loosening.

Therapy with pulsed electromagnetic fields in aseptic loosening of total hip protheses: a prospective study.

Konrad K, Sevcic K, Foldes K, Piroska E, Molnar E. Clin Rheumatol 1996 Jul;15(4):325-8

Aseptic loosening is the most common problem of hip arthroplasties, limiting its long term success. We report a study of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) treatment in 24 patients with this complication. At the end of treatment, six months and one year later, pain and hip movements improved significantly with the exception of flexion and extension. There was significant improvement in both isotope scans and ultrasonography, but not in plain X-ray. The decreased pain and improved function suggest that PEMF is effective in improving symptoms of patients with loose hip replacement.

No improvement, however, can be expected in patients with severe pain due to gross loosening.

Results of this double-blind study showed significant healing effects of low-frequency pulsing electromagnetic fields in patients treated with femoral intertrochanteric osteotomy for hip degenerative arthritis.

G. Borsalino, et al., "Electrical Stimulation of Human Femoral Intertrochanteric Osteotomies.

Joint Disease

Results of this 11-year study involving 3014 patients found pulsed magnetic field treatment at low frequencies and intensities to be a highly effective, side-effect-free therapy for joint disease.

E. Riva Sanseverino, et al., "Therapeutic Effects of Pulsed Magnetic Fields on Joint Diseases,