The Early Electrotherapeutic Devices

	Carrier	Modulation	Power	Oudin type low pressure tube to enhance Electro- poration	Possible Effect	Remarks
Early Electrotherapeutic	Tesla or D'Arsonval Type DW, RF	DW RF Pulse Modulation, repeated at several Hz.	High Peak Power Very Low Average Power, High Voltage	Yes	Anticipated Electroporation in Vivo, relevant effects	Considered unorthodox, once popular in every hospital
Rife first device	As above Thompson-Plaster Standard Electrotherapeutic Device	DW RF Pulse Modulation, repeated at several Hz.	High Peak Power Very Low Average Power, High Voltage	Yes	Anticipated Electroporation in Vivo, relevant effects	as above
Rife later devices	CW Radio Transmitter at 40 MHz, info:Mark Simpson	Modulated with particular audio frequencies, i.e., 727 Hz in bursts of 4 times/s, info: Mark Simpson	High Peak Power Low Average Moderate High Voltage	Yes	Anticipated Electroporation in Vivo, relevant effects	Considered unorthodox, they are the modern continuation of the early Electrotherapeutic devices
Lakhovsky	DW Oscillator with multiwave frequency elements	Pulse Modulated. (Pulses generating multi oscillations on tuned length elements). Info: USA Pat. 1,962,565; 2,351,055	High Peak Power Low Average Moderate High Voltage	No	Anticipated Electroporation in Vivo and relevant effects	Considered unorthodox. It could be a version of the old Electrotherapeutic Devices
Crane	Low Voltage Audio Generator	Rife's modulating frequencies without the Radio Frequency carrier.	Relatively Low Peak and Average power, Low voltage	No	Anticipated Electroporation only in Vitro. Actually the operating principle of the device is a standard in vitro weak electroporator, now approved and commercially available.	Considered unorthodox. Device arranged to burst bacteria in vitro is identical to an electroporator arrangement, page 12, "Guide to Electroporation and Electrofusion" Academic Press, 1992.
Priore	Microwave Generator at 3cm to 80cm range	Triply modulated at 0.5-2 Hz, at 300-900 Hz, and at 16-300 MHz (corresponding 1m to 18m wavelength), info: French Patent 1,342,772, 1963	Very High Peak Power, High Average, Very High Voltage	Yes	Anticipated Electroporation in Vivo, relevant effects	Considered unorthodox. Device is what could be expected to be a microwave version of the old Electrotherapeutic Devices, and what could be a powerful pulsed microwave diathermy, or what could be a powerful modern Electrosurgical Diathermies in coagulation and fulguration mode.
Hyperthermia^TM	915 MHz microwaves	Pulsed Modulation	High Peak Power, Lower Average.	No	Assumed to treat cancer by heat and by increasing cancer cell porosity making it venerable to chemo therapy.	FDA approved for adjunctive to chemotherapy treatment of cancer. Device's function and assumed (approved) effects however, strongly remind Electroporation similar to the previous devices.
Dotto	RF Generator, produced by a peculiar thermionic couple, oscillating at 100 KHz (1974) or 1.8 MHz (1972).	Self modulated with 10 KHz, info: Dotto's USA Patent 3,839,771, 1974 or with 100 KHz (using the 1.8 MHz carrier, info: Dotto's testimony 8 Feb. 1972, Notary Public Montgomery County, Ohio).	High Intense Peak Electric and Magnetic Field	No	Anticipated Electroporation in Vivo, relevant effects	Considered unorthodox. It could be a modern Electrotherapeutic Device or powerful modern pulsed Diathermy.
Modern Electrosurgical Diathermies	RF Generator Typical 500 KHz	They come in three types or in one unit with three modes, two Modulation modes and Non-Modulation mode	Note: The key difference modulation versus non modulation	No	Note: Chopping the power or sending the power in pulses, the device produces opposite biological effects.	Considered orthodox. They are modern continuation of the early Electrotherapeutic devices. They are commonly used today in standard operating rooms. The same old principle is not yet appreciated.
Electrosurgical Diathermies Cut Mode	RF Generator Typical 500 KHz manufactures (Valleylab Boulder Co. manual) consider frequencies up to 4 MHz make no difference	Non-Modulated	Uniform Power	No	No, Highly Destructive
Electrosurgical Diathermies Coagulation mode	RF Generator Typical 500 KHz manufactures (Valleylab Boulder Co. manual) consider frequencies up to 4 MHz make no difference	Modulated with 20 KHz typical.	Peak Power, the same average power as above	No	Yes, plus strong Electrofusion
Electrosurgical Diathermies Fulguration mode	as above	as above	as above	The way it is applied simulates the old Oudin tube function	same as above plus hemostasis
Laser Surgery	Coherent light	Coag mode: Pulse Modulated in the order of 0.3 to several Hz Cut mode: Continuous or a mixture of Coag mode and Cut mode.	High Peak Power in the order of 1 MW, low average power or CW Power 4 W, Info: Stern AGSPA Manual	No	Yes, Electrofusion	Laser in pulsed mode may be considered the continuation of the old Electrotherapeutic Devices and using coherent light as carrier.
DC Electroporators	Electric field	Pulses 1000 to 10000 Volts/cm	High Peak power	No	Electroporation in vitro	Approved and Orthodox. Major modality in modern biological laboratories
CW Diathermies	27 MHz set by FCC	Non	Uniform output 30-150 watts	No	Deep Heater with no other major effects	Considered orthodox, FDA approved.
Rapsomanikis	External Magnetic Field to guide electrical current	Electric Current Pulses	Low power, low voltage electrical contact	No	Anticipated Electroporation in Vivo, and relevant effects	Considered unorthodox, banned by FDA
TENS	Electrical Contact	Electric Pulses, limited to surface microcurrent	Very low power limited mainly on the surface	No	Skin Surface Nerve stimulation	FDA approved. However, device is similar to Crane's and other micropower electronic stimulators
Pulsed Heaters	Hot Air 57 C	Pulses 50 msec long at 5 sec intervals.	High Peak Heat in the order of 100 watts	No	Production of opioids, significant analgetic effects	FDA approved as a 510K, Class II, equivalent to a diathermy !