ΠΑΠΙΜΙ

Version 3.1, 15/August/2003, (including the Einstein critical error below) typos corrected.

REVEALING

NUCLEAR  MAGNETIC RESONANCE

NMR

and
 

Multiple NMR
(2025 Hz   -  830000 Ηz)                      Pappas' New Patent Pending

Made Simple by Pictures and Basic Facts

By P.T. Pappas

Page under gradual development

An Actual Mechanical Gyro -  Rotating Top

Generally: Precession of a Gyro is caused by an off center force which,
however, is not overtaking the "angular momentum's resistance" to maintain general orientation in space, by causing precession of the gyro around the axis of the original orientation. Thus, averaging to the original orientation.

General Important Fact for us:

Electron and Protons are

gyros - possessing angular momentum J,
possess Magnetic momentum - They are magnets. They are ring gyros (orbits) of current loops, possessing angular and magnetic momentum.

possess charge q= +/-e

possess mass

i,e, They are characterized by m, q, J, M and can be visualized as Electrical and Magnetic  rotating ring Gyros - Tops.

 Precession Frequency is much-much smaller than Rotating Frequency. So, it is for the precession frequency of  protons.

Fact (not known to the majority of scientists and  phycists):  
Precession frequency for protons in the ambient magnetic field of the Earth, may come down to audio frequencies, down to 2025 Hz !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

(Scientific American : February 1968, page 125)

Theoretically, nuclear protons may resonate at even lower audio frequencies (than 2025Hz), at lower energies, ΔE = hν = γΒh/2π, at weaker magnetic fields !!!!!!!!!!

Protons when under Precession as above, in a short time may relax back by emitting rather low frequency radio waves, equal to their precession frequency. These Radio waves are the basis of Magnetic Resonance Imagine, MRI, used in Medicine for diagnostic purposes. In MRI, a subject to be diagnosed, is placed in well known (calibrated) value of static magnetic field which acts as an off balance force for the protons - magnets. Another transient and disturbing magnetic field (fast magnetic pulse) is applied instantly at right angles to the previous static magnetic field. Obviously the protons - rotating tops - are very much disturbed and start to come under precession, as a disturbed children's rotating top. However, the protons soon come back to their relaxing state - no precession - by emitting radio waves with the energy that was previously acquired by the proton precession. These radio waves come as an echo to the disturbing  magnetic pulse. They are received by the MRI's sensors that by computer analysis are used to produce an image of the subject under MRI diagnosis.

-PAPIMI produces a fast dumping magnetic pulse.
-This dumping pulse acts first as a prolonged (non constant) restoring magnetic force on the protons, electrons as well.
-Secondly, it acts as a strong disturbing force.
-The two effects produce proton (electron) NMR, (EPR), as explained for MRI.
-Even having no intention to form a diagnostic image, using a digital storage oscilloscope, similar radio waves are received from a subject after a PAPIMI pulse.
 -As a matter of fact, the non constant value of the dumping PAPIMI pulse, produces a variety of precession frequencies,
according to formula hν = γΒh/2π,
-thus causing Multi-NMR for protons and Multi EPR for electrons.   

The critical error of Einstein(click here)

In 1913, Einstein was given the nobel prize, not for "his presumably famous" Relativity Theory, but for an obvious explanation of a simple phenomenon first observed by Hertz many years ago in...., namely the photoelectric effect, which in essence concerns the delivery of electromagnetic energy into matter.

The photoelectric effect explanation concerned the observation of Hertz that a bombarding beam of light would only extract electrons from a metal plate, say of zinc, aluminum..., if and only if,  the light beam's frequency was higher than a threshold value V₀ frequency. Einstein's explanation for this effect was based on the Hertz observation, the famous Plank's quantum formula E=hv of... and the elementary Newton's formula for the kinetic energy E= 1/2mu².
Einstein stated that for extracting electrons from a metal plate by a monochromatic beam of light, the following obvious simple formula should hold:

 E=hv= 1/2mu²  + b

Where the only new term b in the above equation of  Einstein, represented the work needed for just extracting one electron from the metal.

This formula states that the electromagnetic E=hv (according to Plank) should be first enough to extract an electron and then to give the remaining energy  to the electron as kinetic energy. The formula of Plank concerns all electromagnetic energies, including of course, magnetic, NMR... The term photon for the energy E=hv was introduced much later in 1926 by Lewis. So clearly, the formula concerns delivery or transmission of electromagnetic energy in general, not only whatever is called photons. Of course including the NMR energy we are concerned here.

In essence, Einstein's explanation dictates how the Energy of electromagnetic radiation may be delivered into matter. The electromagnetic energy or the photon's energy may be split into b and to 1/2mu² , but Einstein, in effect, excludes in his explanation the opposite that two or more photon's energy may be added. In other words, two or more photon's may not add their energy and contribute it to the extraction of one electron in the particular case of photoelectric effect. Extractions of electrons was wrongly believed at the time of Hertz and Einstein that could not occur below the threshold value of frequency provided no matter the intensity of beaming light would be. This last sentence Hertz had wrongly stated, not having, obviously at his time, tested the phenomenon with high density beams and  not having accurate instrumentation to detect a small number of escaping electrons.

 The explanation of Einstein makes quantum mechanics too strict, than they are actually. Demanding quantum energies may not be added.  This is not true in quantum mechanics in particular and in nature in general. For example, the explanation forbids that small energies may  be gradually accumulated to produce a bigger energy work. The source of the Einstein error was the apparent fact at the time of Hertz that they were using only low intensity beams of light. However, in today's technology with relative higher intensity beams, higher accuracies and sensitivity, the photoelectric effect is falsified.

TWO OR MORE ENERGY QUANTA OR PHOTONS OR ANY TWO OR MORE ENERGY AMOUNTS MAY BE ADDED OR ACCUMULATED TO PRODUCE A HIGHER ENERGY WORK, SUCH AS A LASER EMISSION OR A NUCLEAR REACTION.

For example today, it is known that two monochromatic photon's may enter in a crystal and come out as one photon of  twice the frequency of the original photons. . Clearly this indicates that the two photons are adding their energies.

(Click here for details and references on Einstein's Critical Error )

Similarly, today's LASERS are generally based on adding or accumulating the energy of smaller source quanta. This phenomenon is called "Multi photon excitation" and it is in direct opposition of Einstein's Nobel prize given explanation for the photoelectric effect.

No matter what are the errors of Einstein and the errors of the scientific community to issue a Nobel prize, what we are concerned is what we lose allowing errors uncorrected and what we gain at present applying the correct knowledge.

With the Einstein's Photoelectric Effect Explanation, we lose the possibility that NMR low frequencies energies may cause "bigger energy" nuclear reactions.

However, removing the Einstein wrong restriction for Quantum Mechanics in this respect, we understand and expect that:
 Low  NMR energy E=hv (due to the low frequency v of NMR, in general) deliveries may be added or be gradually accumulated (as the laser effect) to cause much higher energy nuclear excitations and possible nuclear reactions !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

 

The Classical Picture of H Atom

Electron is shown to orbit nucleus.

Electron is shown to spin around it's axis and, thus, it is assumed to posses angular and magnetic moment, like a charged rotating top with dipole magnetic moment
or it could had been an actual flat rotating current solenoid.

It would had been simpler, in terms of classical electromagnetism and classical mechanics, to assume that the electron is just its orbit ring - rotating.

It would then naturally mass posses, angular momentum, magnetic moment and charge.

Old Fashion Chemistry is more realistic than modern Physics, showing pictures of electrons around a nucleus, as clouds generated by precessing rotating orbits - rings

The basic equation relating precession frequency ν of NMR  and the magnetic field B present is:

E=hν=γΒh/2π

At about B=12 Tesla = 120000 Gauss, according to the P. W. Atkins Physical Chemistry Book, Oxford University Press, 1994, Fifth Edition, p. 625:
(1Tesla = 10000 Gauss, Earth's ambient magnetic field is about 12 Gauss,
an  (N)MRI (Nuclear) Magnetic Resonance Imagine - a Medical Diagnostic Device at a regular hospitals - is about 2 Tesla.)

Protons come into resonance at about 500 MHz

Papimi's B is about 200 Gauss down to zero or actually to the ambient magnetic field of the Earth.

Theoretically, the resonance frequency for Protons at the PAPIMI probe is (500/12/10000)x200=2x41.66/100= 0.83 MHz down to zero - if the magnetic field dumps to zero

With reference the Atkins Physical Chemistry Book, above calibration,

The Proton Multiple-NMR at the PAPIMI probe with a B - Maximum = 200 Gauss and B - minimum = the ambient magnetic Field of the Earth, should be:

2025 Hz <  ν  < 0.83 ΜΗz